Imagine a world where computers can unravel the mysteries of quantum mechanics, enabling us to study the behavior of complex materials or simulate the intricate dynamics of molecules with unprecedented accuracy.
Thanks to a pioneering study led by Professor Zoe Holmes and her team at EPFL, we are now closer to that becoming a reality. Working with researchers at Caltech, the Free University of Berlin, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory, they have found a new way to teach a quantum computer how to understand and predict the behavior of quantum systems, even with a few simple examples.
"...we might be able to learn about and understand quantum systems using smaller, simpler computers [...] we're likely to have in the coming years, instead of needing large and complex ones, which may be decades away", Zoë Holmes, EPFL
Quantum neural networks (QNNs)
The researchers worked on “quantum neural networks” (QNNs), a type of machine-learning model designed to learn and process information using principles inspired by quantum mechanics in order to mimic the behavior of quantum systems.
Just like the neural networks used in artificial intelligence, QNNs are made of interconnected nodes, or “neurons,” that perform calculations. The difference is that, in QNNs, the neurons operate on the principles of quantum mechanics, allowing them to handle and manipulate quantum information.
“Normally, when we teach a computer something, we need a lot of examples,” says Holmes. “But in this study, we show that with just a few simple examples called ‘product states’ the computer can learn how a quantum system behaves even when dealing with entangled states, which are more complicated and challenging to understand.”
Product states
The ‘product states’ that the scientists used refer to a concept in quantum mechanics that describes the specific type of state for a quantum system. For example, if a quantum system is composed of two electrons, then its product state is formed when each individual electron’s state is considered independently and then combined.
Product states are often used as a starting point in quantum computations and measurements because they provide a simpler and more manageable framework for studying and understanding the behavior of quantum systems before moving on to more complex and entangled states where the particles are correlated and cannot be described independently.
Better quantum computers ahead
The researchers demonstrated that by training QNNs using only a few of these simple examples, computers can effectively grasp the complex dynamics of entangled quantum systems.
Holmes explains: “This means that we might be able to learn about and understand quantum systems using smaller, simpler computers, like the near-term intermediary scale [NISQ] computers we're likely to have in the coming years, instead of needing large and complex ones, which may be decades away.”
The work also opens up new possibilities for using quantum computers to solve important problems like studying complex new materials or simulating the behavior of molecules.
Finally, the method improves the performance of quantum computers by enabling the creation of shorter and more error-resistant programs. By learning how quantum systems behave, we can streamline the programming of quantum computers, leading to improved efficiency and reliability. “We can make quantum computers even better by making their programs shorter and less prone to errors,” says Holmes.
Funding
Technical University of Munich
Elite Network of Bavaria
German Academic Scholarship Foundation
BMWi
US Department of Energy
Google
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)
Sandoz Family Foundation-Monique de Meuron program
References
Matthias C. Caro, Hsin-Yuan Huang, Nicholas Ezzell, Joe Gibbs, Andrew T. Sornborger, Lukasz Cincio, Patrick J. Coles, Zoë Holmes. Out-of-distribution generalization for learning quantum dynamics. Nature Communications 05 July 2023. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39381-w
Thanks to a pioneering study led by Professor Zoe Holmes and her team at EPFL, we are now closer to that becoming a reality. Working with researchers at Caltech, the Free University of Berlin, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory, they have found a new way to teach a quantum computer how to understand and predict the behavior of quantum systems, even with a few simple examples.
"...we might be able to learn about and understand quantum systems using smaller, simpler computers [...] we're likely to have in the coming years, instead of needing large and complex ones, which may be decades away", Zoë Holmes, EPFL
Quantum neural networks (QNNs)
The researchers worked on “quantum neural networks” (QNNs), a type of machine-learning model designed to learn and process information using principles inspired by quantum mechanics in order to mimic the behavior of quantum systems.
Just like the neural networks used in artificial intelligence, QNNs are made of interconnected nodes, or “neurons,” that perform calculations. The difference is that, in QNNs, the neurons operate on the principles of quantum mechanics, allowing them to handle and manipulate quantum information.
“Normally, when we teach a computer something, we need a lot of examples,” says Holmes. “But in this study, we show that with just a few simple examples called ‘product states’ the computer can learn how a quantum system behaves even when dealing with entangled states, which are more complicated and challenging to understand.”
Product states
The ‘product states’ that the scientists used refer to a concept in quantum mechanics that describes the specific type of state for a quantum system. For example, if a quantum system is composed of two electrons, then its product state is formed when each individual electron’s state is considered independently and then combined.
Product states are often used as a starting point in quantum computations and measurements because they provide a simpler and more manageable framework for studying and understanding the behavior of quantum systems before moving on to more complex and entangled states where the particles are correlated and cannot be described independently.
Better quantum computers ahead
The researchers demonstrated that by training QNNs using only a few of these simple examples, computers can effectively grasp the complex dynamics of entangled quantum systems.
Holmes explains: “This means that we might be able to learn about and understand quantum systems using smaller, simpler computers, like the near-term intermediary scale [NISQ] computers we're likely to have in the coming years, instead of needing large and complex ones, which may be decades away.”
The work also opens up new possibilities for using quantum computers to solve important problems like studying complex new materials or simulating the behavior of molecules.
Finally, the method improves the performance of quantum computers by enabling the creation of shorter and more error-resistant programs. By learning how quantum systems behave, we can streamline the programming of quantum computers, leading to improved efficiency and reliability. “We can make quantum computers even better by making their programs shorter and less prone to errors,” says Holmes.
Funding
Technical University of Munich
Elite Network of Bavaria
German Academic Scholarship Foundation
BMWi
US Department of Energy
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)
Sandoz Family Foundation-Monique de Meuron program
References
Matthias C. Caro, Hsin-Yuan Huang, Nicholas Ezzell, Joe Gibbs, Andrew T. Sornborger, Lukasz Cincio, Patrick J. Coles, Zoë Holmes. Out-of-distribution generalization for learning quantum dynamics. Nature Communications 05 July 2023. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39381-w